Uncovering Hair Loss: What Causes It & What Can Actually Help | As Seen in Cincinnati Magazine

It usually starts small: a little more hair in the shower drain or a part that looks slightly wider than it used to. Whether hair loss is progressing quickly due to medical treatments such as chemotherapy or more gradually due to age and hormone shifts, these changes to your appearance can significantly impact your confidence. In honor of Hair Loss Awareness Month, board-certified dermatologist Dr. Mona Foad is sharing the science behind what’s actually causing your hair loss and what you can do to help support healthy growth, as seen in Cincinnati Magazine.

Types & Causes of Hair Loss

Female & Male Pattern Hair Loss (Androgenic Alopecia)

This is the most common type of hair loss and is primarily caused by the hormone DHT, which binds to the hair follicles, causing them to shrink and eventually stop producing hair over time. In men, it tends to show up as a receding hairline or thinning at the crown. In women, it could show up as a widening part, overall thinning across the top of the scalp, or simply less density over time. This type of hair loss is genetic and tends to progress slowly.

Stress-Induced Hair Loss (Telogen Effluvium)

1. Short Term: When the body goes through a major physical or emotional stressor, such as pregnancy, illness, rapid weight loss, or a prolonged period of stress, it can push a large number of hair follicles into a resting phase all at once. About two to four months later, those hairs shed. The good news is that this is typically temporary: Once the triggering event resolves, hair usually regrows on its own.

2. Long Term: If the trigger is ongoing, the shedding can continue and require an intervention to support healthy hair growth. Common examples include chronic stress, an unresolved nutritional deficiency (often low ferritin or iron), certain medications (GLP1s, hormonal contraceptives), or an underlying health issue (like thyroid dysfunction or anemia).

Diseased or Damaged Scalps

The health of your scalp directly affects the health of your hair. Conditions like dandruff (seborrheic dermatitis), scalp psoriasis, and scarring alopecias (such as lichen planopilaris or frontal fibrosing alopecia) can all interfere with normal hair growth. Traction from tight hairstyles or hats worn repeatedly over time (traction alopecia), excessive heat, and chemical damage can also disturb hair follicles and cause hair loss.

Treatment Options

Oral Medications & Supplements

1. Oral Minoxidil: Low-dose oral minoxidil has quickly become a go-to treatment for both pattern hair loss and telogen effluvium. Originally a blood pressure medication, minoxidil was found to promote hair growth as a side effect. At very low doses, the hair benefits are real, although you should still use caution if you have low blood pressure.

2. Finasteride & Spironolactone: Finasteride is an FDA-approved medication for men that works by blocking the conversion of testosterone to DHT. For women, spironolactone offers a similar effect and is particularly helpful for hormonal hair loss related to perimenopause or PCOS. Both of these are medications that should be taken under the direct supervision of a qualified health care provider.

3. Nutrafol: For those looking for a supplement-based approach, Nutrafol is backed by clinical data and formulated to address multiple root causes of hair thinning, including stress, hormones, nutrition, and inflammation. It comes in formulations for men, women, and postpartum patients, and works well as a complement to other treatments or as a starting point for milder concerns. Viviscal is another oral supplement option that is available. For either, plan on at least 6–12 months of consistent use before evaluating results.

4. Collagen Powders: Hydrolyzed short-chain collagen can be found in many over-the-counter powder formulations and is easy to add to water, coffee, or your favorite beverage. Studies show that consistent use of 10–20 grams of collagen powder daily can help to promote keratin in the hair and support hair strength, thickness, and shine.

Topical Treatments

1. Topical Minoxidil: Available over-the-counter as Rogaine and generic topical Minoxidil, this treatment works by prolonging the hair growth phase and improving blood flow to the follicles. Consistent use is key for results: It needs to be applied to a dry scalp daily and left on. Give it at least 4–6 months before evaluating results. You may notice some initial shedding in the first few weeks, which is actually a sign that the treatment is working.

2. Hair Growth Serums: A number of topical serums can support scalp health and complement medical treatment. Nutrafol offers a hair growth serum that can be used alone or in combination with their supplements, and several other brands offer similar products to support the scalp. These serums shouldn’t be used as a replacement for medical treatment in cases of significant hair loss, but they can be a helpful complement to your hair growth routine, particularly for maintaining results over time.

In-Office Treatments

1. LED Light Therapy: Low-level LED light therapy uses specific wavelengths of light to stimulate follicle activity and extend the hair growth cycle. It’s non-invasive, painless, and requires no downtime. It works best as a complement to other treatments, especially for early-stage pattern hair loss or maintaining density over time.

2. PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma): After drawing a small amount of your own blood, it is spun in a centrifuge to concentrate the growth factors found in your platelets. This is then injected into the scalp to help stimulate follicle activity and improve blood supply to the area. A series of 3-6 treatments, each spaced one month apart, is recommended.

3. Hair Transplant: For patients with more advanced hair loss, a transplant is the most permanent solution available. Modern techniques are minimally invasive, leave minimal to no scarring, and can produce very natural-looking results in experienced hands. That said, it is still a surgical procedure that requires significant financial investment and downtime, which may not be the right fit for some patients. Hair transplant may also not be an option if you have hormonal or medical reasons for hair loss and are continuing to lose hair. Make sure to have a consultation with a surgeon or medical professional who specializes in hair transplantation.

Hair loss may be common, but that doesn’t mean you have to accept it as an inevitable part of life. The best results for fostering healthy regrowth often come from addressing it early with a combination of treatments. If you’re concerned about hair loss or hair thinning, start by scheduling an appointment with a board-certified dermatologist to get to the bottom of what’s causing your hair loss and create a plan that’s best for you. You can schedule with the team at Mona Dermatology by visiting here or by calling 513.984.4800.

The Man’s Guide: Tips and Treatments for Anti-Aging | Seen in Cincinnati Magazine

Cosmetic treatments are rising in popularity for men nationwide—and are expected to more than double by 2032. The greatest increase in demand: “stealth” treatments that stop the clock on aging while being nearly undetectable. Below we provide a modern man’s guide to treatments and strategies, as seen in Cincinnati Magazine, from our very own male patient favorites.

Look and feel refreshed

Whether you’re burning the midnight oil at work or up early with young kids, tired eyes can make you look older than you feel. Botox around the eyes–often called “BroTox” for male patients–smooths wrinkle lines and can even lift the brow slightly for a more alert appearance. For the avid golfer, skier, runner, or any man who spends significant time outdoors, sun damage will often show up with age. This can be found in forms of brown spots, redness, or uneven tone. BBL, or Broadband Light, is fantastic for reversing years of sun exposure with zero downtime: you can get treated over lunch and be back to meetings without a trace.

For an internal boost, IV therapy offers a direct infusion of vitamins, minerals, and hydration for immediate absorption. Whether you’re recovering from intense athletic training, fighting off illness, or simply feeling run down from travel and stress, IV therapy can provide the reset your body needs.

Chisel and contour

If you’ve always wanted a more angular jawline–or have noticed yours softening with age, these treatments can help. For starters, the most popular jawline treatment for men by far is dermal filler: interest has grown by over 70% since the early 2000s. Filler treatment takes less than 30 minutes, has little to no downtime, and creates immediate results. Tightening treatments like EmFace or Sofwave are also great options if your jawline has softened due to aging. These treatments boost your body’s own healing power to chisel the lower face over time.

Hold the “Hair” Line

For many men, a receding hairline can feel like an unwelcome reminder that time is marching on. That being said, hair transplant surgery is considered the gold standard, but it’s not the only option. For men who aren’t ready for surgery or want to explore less invasive alternatives first, PRP and Nutrafol offer effective solutions towards a modern man’s guide.

PRP, or platelet-rich plasma, uses your own blood to stimulate hair follicles. To explain, blood is drawn to concentrate the growth factors, and then inject them into areas of thinning. Nutrafol is a supplement that addresses hair loss from the inside out by targeting stress, inflammation, and hormones–all factors that contribute to male pattern baldness.

Skip the Shaving

For the man who wants a clean look with less time and maintenance, laser hair removal is the answer. Popular treatment areas include:

Facial hair – For those who want to save time in the morning or who have sensitive skin that’s irritated by daily shaving
Back of the neck – Eliminates the issue of regrowth between haircuts
Back, chest, and shoulders – Say goodbye to unwanted hair on the torso without constant shaving or waxing

Don’t forget the body

EmSculpt Neo is a game-changer for men who workout but want to accelerate their results. It combines radio frequency to reduce fat by 30% with high-intensity electromagnetic energy to build muscle by 25% in areas like the biceps, abs, and calves.

For targeted fat reduction, CoolSculpting Elite is a proven way to treat fat in areas such as: love handles, lower abdomen, and under the chin. The fat cells are frozen and naturally eliminated by your body over the following weeks.

Minimum Investment, Maximum Return

This routine takes less time than your morning coffee and will keep your skin healthy for decades. It’s the best investment-to-return ratio in skincare.

Sunscreen – DailySPF is a non-negotiable for preventing wrinkles, sun damage, and skin cancer. Modern facial sunscreens are nothing like the greasy formulas you remember. There are plenty of options that blend in easily and are undetectable.
Retinol – The workhorse the prevents fine lines, improves texture, and keeps pores clear.
Antioxidant – Your defense against environmental damage: pollution, UV, and stress.

Three-Minute Routine

Morning – Cleanser → Antioxidant → Moisturizer → Sunscreen
Night – Cleanser → Retinol → Moisturizer

Creating a routine for yourself is the perfect start in a man’s guide towards elevating your skin’s long-term health. Start looking and feeling your best after scheduling an appointment to build a routine for your lifestyle needs and goals.

Red Light Therapy, Prevent Aging on the Hands | Featured by Women’s Health

Dark spots, scarring, wrinkles, collagen loss — red light therapy seems to tackle it all. It’s no wonder this technology keeps growing in popularity. These tools are most commonly used for the face, but now have started becoming popular for other uses, such as your hands. Dr. Mona Foad, as featured in Women’s Health, shares the ins and outs of red light therapy for your skin and whether it effectively addresses signs of aging on the hands.

What is red light?

Red light therapy is a form of low-level light therapy that uses specific wavelengths of red and near-infrared light to support cellular function in the skin. Unlike ultraviolet light, red light does not damage the skin or create DNA injury. Instead, it works at a cellular level to help stimulate repair processes and reduce inflammation.

What benefits does red light have for the skin/how does it work?

Red light therapy works by delivering specific wavelengths of red and near-infrared light into the skin. It then gets absorbed by the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. This helps increase ATP production, which is essentially the energy source cells use to carry out repair and regeneration processes. As cellular energy increases, the skin is better able to support collagen and elastin production, improve circulation, and reduce inflammation. From a skin health perspective, this can help improve concerns such as fine lines, texture changes, mild skin laxity, and overall skin quality over time.

Furthermore, red light therapy may also help calm redness and support healing. This is one reason it is sometimes used after procedures or on patients with sensitive or inflamed skin conditions. Patients are more drawn to red light therapy in comparison to aggressive, resurfacing treatments. This is often because red light is non-invasive and generally well tolerated. That said, it is important to understand that results tend to be gradual and cumulative. They likely won’t yield the same results as a resurfacing laser. Lastly, it is most effective when used consistently as a long-term skin health and collagen-support strategy rather than a quick fix.

Can red light therapy effectively benefit hands?

Red light therapy can be a helpful option for the hands because it supports collagen production. It also may help improve skin quality over time without damaging the skin surface. Since the hands tend to develop thinning skin and textural changes with age, treatments can be beneficial when they support collagen and reduce inflammation.

As I mentioned earlier, improvements tend to be subtle and gradual rather than dramatic. That being said, patients should have realistic expectations implying red light most useful for long-term skin health. I would also like to note that as the hands age, veins and tendons can become more prominent. These may be better addressed with filler versus red light therapy which will not increase fat or volume in that area.

When do signs of aging show on the hands?

Signs of aging on the hands often develop gradually over time and may include thinning skin, dryness, crepiness, brown spots, uneven pigmentation, and more prominent veins or tendons. These changes are largely driven by a combination of collagen loss, cumulative sun exposure, and natural age-related volume loss. For many patients, these changes become more noticeable in their 40s and 50s. Please also note that significant sun exposure can accelerate the process earlier.

What makes the skin on the hands differ from elsewhere?

The skin on the hands is unique because it is exposed to significant environmental stress over time. Examples can include, ultraviolet radiation, frequent washing, and friction. The backs of the hands also have thinner skin and less underlying fat compared to other areas. This results in volume loss, visible veins, and textural changes more noticeable with age. Unlike the face, many people are diligent about applying skincare and sunscreen to the face, but often neglect the hands. As a result, the hands are frequently one of the first areas to show cumulative signs of aging.

Would you recommend any other treatment for the hands?

I do think red light can play a supportive role for the hands, but it is not necessarily the most effective stand-alone treatment for more advanced signs of aging. For concerns such as significant sun damage, brown spots, Intense Pulse light (IPL) therapy and lasers would be better options.

Volume loss or prominent veins, are better served with fillers or collagen-stimulating treatments. The best treatment really depends on the specific concern being addressed. While it may help improve overall skin quality, it is generally not going to replace more targeted treatments when structural changes are more advanced.

What can you do at home to slow down the aging process on their hands?

One of the most important things to remember is that prevention plays a major role in hand aging. Daily sunscreen use on the hands is one of the simplest and most effective ways to help prevent pigmentation changes and collagen breakdown over time. I also encourage patients to think about the hands as an extension of their skincare routine. Applying moisturizer, antioxidants, and sun protection consistently to the hands can make a meaningful difference in maintaining skin quality long term.

How can I incorporate red light therapy as a treatment?

At-home red light devices can be a reasonable option for patients who understand that results take time. Consistency is very important with red light therapy, since benefits are generally cumulative and develop gradually over weeks to months. For patients looking for more noticeable improvement in pigmentation, texture, or volume loss on the hands, in-office treatments such as lasers, chemical peels, fillers, or biostimulatory treatments may still provide more significant results. In many cases, combining approaches tends to be the most effective strategy.

Best Skincare Approved by Dermatologists | Featured in Parade

Your skin deserves the best care possible, so it’s important to build a routine full of high quality products. Understanding which products are dermatologist-approved and why, leaves confident and effective results based on education. As featured in Parade, Dr. Mona Foad and Dr. Alexandra Bowles, share their most recommended products for each step of your routine.

Best skincare products for your face

Barrier Creams

Avène XeraCalm A.D Lipid-Replenishing Cream is a barrier cream Dr. Bowles often recommends for patients with very dry, sensitive, or eczema-prone skin because it’s designed to both soothe irritation and restore the skin barrier. It contains lipid-replenishing ingredients that help lock in moisture and support the skin’s natural defenses, especially important when the barrier is compromised. Dr. Bowles says a simple routine can make meaningful differences in dryness and improving overall skin comfort. She likes this formula for its gentle, fragrance-free formula that works well on all skin types, including more reactive.

Dr. Foad also suggests SkinMedica Dermal Repair Cream. This is a great product for barrier support because it provides deep hydration while also reinforcing the skin’s natural protective barrier. It contains antioxidants like vitamins C and E. Along with that, the hydrating ingredients help improve skin smoothness and reduce moisture loss over time. “In my experience, this type of richer, well-formulated moisturizer can be especially helpful for patients dealing with dryness, sensitivity, or a compromised skin barrier, particularly when used consistently as part of a simple, supportive routine,” says Dr. Foad.

Moisturizing Sunscreens

Dr. Bowles recommends, EltaMD UV Clear Broad-Spectrum SPF 46. It’s lightweight, well-tolerated, and provides both sun protection and skin-soothing benefits. It contains ingredients like niacinamide, which can help calm irritation while supporting the skin barrier. For many patients, especially those with sensitive or acne-prone skin, it strikes a good balance between protection and daily wearability.

Another great SPF supporting overall skin health and resilience is the EltaMD UV Skin Recovery SPF 50. Dr. Foad defines this product as a mineral sunscreen that provides broad-spectrum protection while also supporting the skin barrier and helping to calm redness. It’s one she feels very comfortable recommending, particularly for patients with sensitive or reactive skin.

Retinoids & Spot-Treatment

SkinMedica Retinol Complex 0.5 is a mid-strength retinol that helps improve skin texture, tone, and the appearance of fine lines through a gradual-release system. Dr. Bowles suggests this product stating, “it’s effective while still being designed with tolerability in mind, making it a good option for many skin types. With retinol, I always recommend starting slowly and using it consistently.” She further adds that pairing it with a daily sunscreen will reduce irritation, resulting the best results overtime.

In addition, Dr. Mona also likes Avène Retrinal Intensive Multi-Corrective Cream as a retinoid-based skincare treatment that helps support renewal. Furthermore, it gradually works to improve tone and texture. These treatments work by encouraging healthy cell turnover, which can help fade discoloration over time in a more consistent and controlled way. When used regularly and paired with daily sunscreen, they can be a very effective part of a long-term approach to managing uneven pigmentation.

If you are looking to target isolated dark spots with using hydroquinone, Dr. Foad recommends SkinMedica Even & Correct Dark Spot Cream. It uses tranexamic acid (a brightening agent that reduces the appearance of dark spots), niacinamide, glycolic Acid, retinol (0.25%), and a kojic acid derivative. All of these products help to support skin renewal and collagen levels, helps to lighten visible sun damage, and exfoliate to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Anti-Aging Cream

Dr. Foad suggests, Avène Retrinal Intensive Multi-Corrective Cream. What makes this product particularly effective is its use of retinaldehyde, a vitamin A derivative that supports collagen production and accelerates skin renewal. It helps improve fine lines, uneven texture, and overall skin tone, and is often better tolerated than traditional retinol. For patients who are more sensitive but still want meaningful results, this is a very well-balanced option.

Best skincare products for your eyes

Eye Cream for Dark Circles

SkinMedica Instant Bright Eye Cream offers immediate brightening while also supporting longer-term improvements in skin quality. With consistent use, it can help the under-eye area appear smoother, more even, and less fatigued. The under-eye area being complex, Dr. Foad explains that she often looks for products addressing multiple factors, including pigmentation, skin thinning, and light reflection.

Hydrating Eye Gel

Colorescience Total Eye 3-in-1 Treatment SPF 35, although not necessarily an eye gel, is a great product that combines hydration, and sun protection. These traits are essential but often overlooked in the eye area. Dr. Foad shares that UV exposure plays a significant role in both pigmentation and collagen breakdown, so protecting this area is just as important as treating it. It is also tinted, giving the benefits of a concealer for dark circles. Products that integrate protection with daily care tend to be the most effective long-term.

Best skincare products for your neck

Dr. Foad likes SkinMedica’s Neck Correct Neck and Décolleté Cream. This product is specifically formulated for the neck and décolletage, areas where the skin tends to be thinner and more prone to early changes. It also contains peptides that help build dermal thickness and elasticity. This supports the appearance of firmer, smoother skin. In addition, it contains the Paracress Extract. This ingredient helps decrease the appearance of platysmal bands, which age the appearance of the neck at a muscular level. Dr. Foad goes on to share that this product works best when used consistently and combined with daily SPF, maintaining health and appearance over time.

Best skincare products as treatments and tools

Lip Treatment

If you’re looking to improve overall lip quality and hydration for a fuller and smoother appearance, Dr. Foad recommends SkinMedica HA5 Smooth & Plump Lip System. Rather than creating a temporary plumping effect, it works by supporting moisture retention and improving surface texture over time. “I tend to favor this approach because it focuses on long-term lip health rather than short-term stimulation,” explains Dr. Foad.

Foot Care Treatment

When you’re battling dry cracked feet, Dr. Foad looks for product that has urea between 20 and 40 percent. This helps chemically exfoliate the skin cells, leaving your feet softer. She often recommends, Avène Cicalfate Restorative Skin Cream. This product is good for areas like the feet, where the skin barrier is frequently compromised by dryness, friction, and environmental exposure. It helps support barrier repair while creating a protective environment that allows the skin to heal more effectively. For patients dealing with cracking or persistent dryness, consistent use can significantly improve both comfort and overall skin integrity.

Depuffing Tool

Wildling Empress Platinum Facial Gua Gua Stone is a well-designed option for depuffing, particularly because of its stainless steel construction. The material naturally stays cool, which can help reduce puffiness by gently constricting blood vessels and supporting lymphatic drainage. Dr. Foad also adds that it is non-porous and easy to clean, which is important for skin health and hygiene.

Long-term Shingles: Prevent and Treat | As Seen in Glamour

Shingles can leave long-term effects on your skin, ranging from changes in the overall texture to hyperpigmentation. Using the right products and treatment practices, can decrease the amount of discoloration and patches. Dr. Alexandra Bowles thoroughly provides the best tips and tricks, as well as product recommendation to protect your skin throughout its natural healing process, featured in Glamour.

What is the typical timeline and progression of a shingles rash?

Shingles typically follows a fairly predictable progression, although it can vary somewhat from person to person. It often starts with a tingling, burning, or sensitive feeling in a specific area of the skin, usually on one side of the body. Within a few days, a red rash begins to appear, followed by clusters of small, fluid-filled blisters. These blisters can become painful and may continue to develop over several days before they eventually begin to dry out and form scabs. Over time, the scabs heal, although the skin may still appear discolored or sensitive for a period afterward. I usually think of it as moving from nerve-related symptoms to visible skin changes and then into a healing phase.

While progression is often similar, it doesn’t look exactly the same for everyone. Some people may have a milder rash, while others experience more extensive blistering or discomfort. Catching shingles early is important because starting antiviral treatment can help reduce inflammation and limit how severe the rash becomes. From a skin perspective, this can lower the risk of prolonged discoloration, scarring, and ongoing sensitivity. I usually emphasize that earlier treatment tends to lead to better overall outcomes, both for the skin and for symptom control.

What are the possible short and long-term risks from an episode of shingles?

In the short term, shingles can cause significant inflammation, redness, and discomfort in the affected area. As the skin heals, some patients may experience post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or changes in skin tone. This is particularly seen if the rash was more severe. In some cases, there can also be textural changes or mild scarring, especially if the blisters were disrupted. One of the more well-known long-term complications is postherpetic neuralgia, which involves lingering nerve pain even after the skin has healed. I also see patients who notice ongoing sensitivity or dryness in the affected area. The degree of these changes can vary depending on how early the condition is treated and how the skin is cared for during the healing process.

Furthermore, if an individual were to get a secondary bacterial infection from a shingles rash, it could increase the risk of both scarring and long-term discoloration. When the skin barrier becomes more disrupted and inflamed, there is a greater chance of deeper skin injury. As a result, it can make post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, or textural scarring more noticeable and difficult to treat. From a medical standpoint, bacterial infections are important because they can worsen pain, delay healing, and occasionally require antibiotics. That’s one reason why I emphasize avoiding picking or scratching the area and keeping the skin clean during healing.

What are the best practices for maintaining the health of your skin during each phase?

During the early tingling phase, the most important step is seeking medical evaluation, as antiviral treatment can help reduce the severity and duration of the outbreak. Once the rash appears, I usually recommend keeping the area clean, avoiding friction, and using gentle, non-irritating skincare. During the blister phase, it’s important not to pick or pop the lesions, as this can increase the risk of infection and scarring. As the skin begins to scab and heal, keeping the area lightly moisturized can help support the skin barrier. Sun protection is also very important once the rash has healed, since the skin can be more prone to discoloration at that stage. Overall, gentle care and avoiding unnecessary irritation are key throughout the process.

What are common, but avoidable mistakes people make dealing with long-term shingles?

One of the most common mistakes is picking or scratching the affected area, which can increase the risk of infection and scarring. I also see patients use overly harsh products or try to “treat” the rash with strong active ingredients, which can further irritate already inflamed skin. Another issue is not keeping the area clean and protected, especially if blisters are present. It’s also important to avoid excessive sun exposure during healing, as this can worsen discoloration. In general, I recommend keeping the routine simple and focused on supporting the skin rather than aggressively treating it.

Are there specific products, ingredients, or items recommended during a shingles outbreak?

I usually recommend focusing on gentle, soothing products that support the skin barrier during an outbreak. A simple, fragrance-free moisturizer can be very helpful, especially as the skin begins to dry out or scab. For example, I often suggest something like CeraVe Moisturizing Cream because it contains ceramides and hydrating ingredients that help maintain the skin barrier without adding unnecessary irritation. For cleansing, I recommend using a very gentle, non-stripping cleanser that won’t disrupt the skin while it’s healing. A product like Vanicream Gentle Facial Cleanser is a good option because it effectively removes debris on sensitive or inflamed skin. Adding on, it can be used on both the face and body due to its mild and non-irritating composition. For larger body areas, I recommend gentle fragrance-free body washes such as Dove Sensitive Skin Body Wash or Vanicream Body Wash.

In addition to basic skincare, cool compresses can help relieve discomfort during more active stages of the rash. I also recommend avoiding strong active ingredients such as exfoliants or retinoids until the skin has fully recovered. The goal is to keep the routine simple and supportive while the skin heals. The recommendations to avoid harsh active ingredients such as retinoids, exfoliating acids, or scrubs apply specifically to the area affected by shingles. If someone has shingles on their back, for example, there is generally no reason they cannot continue using their normal skincare routine on unaffected areas like the face, assuming the skin there is otherwise healthy and tolerating those products well.

What advice is there for individuals with more melanated or fair skin?

While shingles is often described as causing a “red” rash, the appearance can vary significantly depending on skin tone. In lighter skin tones, the rash may appear bright red or pink, while in deeper skin tones it can look more violaceous, grayish, dark brown, or subtly inflamed rather than obviously red. That variation is important because shingles can sometimes be more difficult to recognize early in more melanated skin if people are only expecting a classic bright red appearance.

For individuals with more melanated skin, I pay particular attention to the risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can persist after the rash has healed. I usually emphasize strict sun protection and gentle skincare to help minimize long-term discoloration. For those with very fair skin, redness and irritation may be more visible, and the skin can be more prone to sensitivity during healing. In both cases, avoiding picking, minimizing irritation, and supporting the skin barrier are key. I also remind patients that healing can take time, and gradual improvement is expected. Tailoring care to the individual’s skin type can help improve overall outcomes.

How do you deal specifically with the hyper- and hypo- pigmentation from long-term shingles?

Hypopigmentation after shingles is often related to inflammation disrupting normal pigment production during healing. In many cases, some repigmentation can gradually occur over time, although it may take several months. I usually recommend focusing on gentle skincare, avoiding additional irritation, and maintaining good sun protection while the skin recovers. If pigment changes are persistent, it’s reasonable to see a dermatologist. There you can discuss whether treatments such as topical anti-inflammatory medications, light-based therapies, or other targeted approaches may be appropriate.

Additionally, SPF is especially important to minimize and prevent worsening of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. It can also be helpful towards the overall healing process. UV exposure can make uneven pigmentation more noticeable in general. While sunscreen will not directly “fix” hypopigmentation, reduced sun exposure can help decrease contrast between lighter and surrounding skin of long-term shingles.

What type of scarring appears during healing, and how do you treat them?

The most common changes I see after shingles are post-inflammatory pigmentation changes and mild textural irregularities.. Some patients can develop shallow atrophic scarring if the inflammation was deeper, the lesions were picked at, or became secondarily infected. In certain cases, especially with prolonged inflammation, there can also be persistent discoloration or areas of altered skin texture.

Many of the same recommendations mentioned above are important for minimizing scarring. More specifically, avoiding picking, minimizing friction, gentle moisturizers, and protecting the area from sun exposure. Sunscreen is especially helpful for reducing worsening pigmentation changes associated with scars and helping scars heal with less noticeable discoloration. It is particularly important for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, although it will not necessarily change scar texture itself. Preventing additional inflammation during healing is one of the biggest factors in reducing more noticeable scarring overall.

What are in-office treatments for stubborn discoloration and scars?

Treatment really depends on whether the primary issue is pigmentation, redness, or textural scarring, as well as the patient’s skin tone and sensitivity. For persistent hyperpigmentation, I may consider topical lightening agents, chemical peels, or certain lasers. However, caution is important in more melanated skin tones because aggressive treatments can worsen pigmentation. For redness, vascular lasers may sometimes help. For textural scarring, treatments such as microneedling, fractional laser resurfacing, or radiofrequency-based procedures can sometimes improve skin texture over time. I usually recommend a personalized approach because the safest and most effective treatment can vary significantly. This depends on the patient’s skin type, healing pattern, and the severity of the residual changes.

What are signals that the skin barrier is healed?

In general, I consider the skin barrier more fully healed once there are no longer any open lesions, crusting, active blisters, or significant tenderness in the area. The skin should feel more intact and less reactive overall. If the area is still stinging easily, irritated with simple products, or showing active inflammation, I usually recommend continuing a gentle, barrier-focused approach.

The Evolution of Botox: Science, Safety, and Staying Power | As Seen in Cincinnati Magazine

Jessica Watkins, PA-C, shares how the world’s most popular cosmetic treatment, Botox, was discovered by accident, and why it has continued to be a provider and patient favorite over two decades later, featured in Cincinnati Magazine.

How was it discovered?

The history is quite interesting. The effects of botulinum were first noted in the late 1800s by a German scientist after a small outbreak of foodborne illness. While noting that the poison in high enough doses can prove fatal via its weakening actions on the nervous system, Dr. Justinus Kerner also recognized its paradox. Perhaps there exists a therapeutic potential for treating muscle hyperactivity. Over the years, scientists eventually isolated the causative bacterial strains, Clostridium botulinum. They learned to purify the toxin produced by the bacteria so that it could be more closely studied. By the 1970s, the toxin was first used in humans during experimental treatments for eye muscle disorders.

The results were amazing. Using just a tiny amount, the target muscle was affected with good duration and no adverse side effects. By 1989, the FDA possessed enough data from 240 investigators to approve Botox for blepharospasm (eye twitching) and strabismus (crossed eyes).

How did it become a cosmetic treatment?

Dr. Jean Carruthers, an ophthalmologist using Botox on her blepharospasm patients in the early 1990s, noticed the cosmetic potential of the treatment. Her patients had (gasp!) decreased frown lines! She worked with her late husband, dermatologist Alistair Carruthers, to research the cosmetic use of Botox. By 2002, the world’s most popular cosmetic treatment was born. It is now used by over 2.5 million people per year and has remained the top non-surgical treatment for over two decades.

What can Botox treat?

Botox Cosmetic has four FDA-approved treatment areas: Glabellar (frown) lines, crow’s feet, forehead lines, and the latest indication, jawline and neck lines. There are also 12 medical FDA-approved indications that help people every day for debilitating conditions. This includes chronic migraines, excessive sweating, severe muscle spasms, and urinary incontinence. Now that we have robust clinical research, data, safety, and clinical experience in the real world, health care professionals across many cosmetic and medical specialties use Botox for a myriad of other “off-label” uses. I regularly treat the chin, D.A.O., bunny lines, masseter, lips, and gummy smile.

What trends do you anticipate in the future?

As a cosmetic dermatology PA who has been treating patients with Botox for 10+ years, I can say without a doubt that Botox is here to stay. Researchers have described Botox Cosmetic in more than 792 peer-reviewed articles in scientific and medical journals. This puts it in a league of its own, especially compared to other cosmetic treatments. With Botox paving the way, we have also seen an expansion of the toxin market. Other competing brands include Dysport, Daxxify, Xeomin, and more.

A typical appointment by an expert injector takes less than 10 minutes, has no downtime, and produces rapid, natural-looking results. It’s no wonder that neurotoxin patients are repeat customers regardless of age demographic. Pairing that with ever-expanding medical uses, the Botox demand will certainly continue on its meteoric rise! A new fast-acting Botox is even on the horizon and will hopefully make its appearance in late 2026. Jawline and neck Botox has boomed since its 2024 FDA approval and will only continue to grow in popularity. Botox is also increasingly being used as part of other treatments. For example, mixing with hyaluronic acid serums in AquaGold facials. Using concentrated Botox injected into post-surgical scars has interesting utility. I think we will be seeing more of this in the future.

Is Filler In or Out for 2026? | As Seen in Cincinnati Magazine

It’s no secret that there’s a lot of negative coverage of cosmetic filler treatments in the media. Dr. Alexandra Bowles, shares her perspective in Cincinnati Magazine, on the growing concerns around dermal fillers and what to consider if you’re thinking about getting treated.

If you’ve been scrolling through social media lately, you’ve probably noticed a shift in how people talk about fillers. What was once celebrated as the go-to anti-aging treatment now comes with a side of skepticism. That being said, it’s still one of the most popular cosmetic treatments. One that I perform and recommend to my patients daily! These are some of the most common concerns my patients bring up, and the advice I share so that they can make an informed decision.

Overfilled Features:

Looking overly plump or overfilled is a natural and common fear, and, to be fair, it’s probably the number one reason my patients are second-guessing getting filler altogether. However, it is important to note that when this happens, an inexperienced injector has usually placed the product in the wrong area or used the wrong technique. The goal of filler should never be to change your face. Rather, it’s a helpful tool to enhance your natural features and restore volume that you’ve lost over time.

Looking Unnatural:

Some of my patients come in concerned that they won’t look like themselves. I understand this, especially if they’ve had a friend or family member with this experience. But not all injectors are created equal. Filler requires an in-depth understanding of facial anatomy, an artistic eye, and years of experience to get it right. It is important to listen to your patient and consider their individual characteristics and not use a “one size fits all” approach.

Migration:

One of the hottest topics right now is filler migration. The idea that filler can move from where it was originally placed and end up somewhere else. While migration can happen, skilled injectors rarely see it when they perform the procedure correctly. Migration typically occurs when an injector uses too much product, places it in the wrong plane, or selects the wrong type of filler for a specific area. The right technique and appropriate product selection keep your filler exactly where it’s supposed to stay.

Your Guide to Filler Success

Find a Qualified, Experienced Injector:

This is a non-negotiable. Your injector should be a board-certified dermatologist, plastic surgeon, or highly trained medical professional with extensive experience in facial aesthetics. Don’t be swayed by cheap deals or convenience. Your face deserves an expert. Ask about their training, how long they’ve been injecting, and request before-and-after photos of their work. Look for results that appear natural and balanced, not overfilled or dramatic.

Ask For a Full-Face Assessment:

Cookie-cutter approaches don’t work when it comes to your face. A great injector will take time to understand your concerns, assess your facial structure, and create a personalized plan that enhances your unique features.

It’s OK To Start Small:

If you’re concerned, ask to start with less. I always start conservatively, because it’s much easier to add more filler later than to correct an overfilled result. I’d rather see you back in a few weeks for a touch-up than have you leave with too much product. That being said, a treatment may require multiple syringes of product. This may depend on the area we are treating.

Communicate Your Goals:

Be honest with your injector about what you want—and what you don’t want. I love when my patients share photos with me and are honest about their goals as well as concerns.

Trust the Process (and the Timeline):

Great results don’t always happen in one session. Building volume gradually over time often leads to the most natural-looking outcomes. Be patient with the process. Trust your provider’s expertise on how to best use filler to give you the most natural results.

Other Options:

If you are still wary of filler treatments, consider PRF Ez Gel, which uses your own platelet-rich plasma as an alternative to traditional filler. Although results may be more subtle and won’t last as long, it’s a nice option as well.

The Bottom Line

Concerns around filler are real, but that doesn’t mean filler is the problem. It’s how it’s being used and who is injecting it. When placed thoughtfully by a skilled injector who understands facial anatomy and prioritizes natural results, dermal fillers can be an incredible tool for looking like the best version of yourself. My goal is always for my patients to feel confident and beautiful in their own skin! Filler should enhance who you are, not change you into someone else.

To learn more about filler or book a cosmetic consultation.

A Guide to Final Touches After Taking Weight Loss Medication | As Seen in Cincinnati Magazine

There are many people in the United States and overseas who have recently experienced significant weight loss. If you are using one of these medications, you may experience unexpected changes to your face and body as the pounds come off. Board-certified dermatologist and anti-aging expert Dr. Mona S. Foad shares how to address and prevent some of the most common skin and body concerns that people face while on these medications, and how to feel more confident in your new body.

Restoring Facial Volume

People don’t expect to lose fat in their face when they start losing weight. While seeing that number on the scale go down is exciting, facial volume loss can actually make you look older. Sometimes, up to five years older than you are. When fat or muscle disappears from your face, you might notice new lines and wrinkles, a hollowed-out look around your cheeks or temples. Also, skin can appear looser than before. The good news? There are several ways to restore that youthful fullness.

Dr. Mona’s Recommendations:

Hyaluronic acid fillers: Help restore lost volume from fat loss with immediate results that can last up to 12-18 months.
Biostimulators: Such as Sculptra, help to build your own collagen within the skin gradually, with best results seen 3-6 months after treatment.
Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP): Harness your body’s ability to build collagen using the growth factors in your blood’s platelet-rich plasma.

Building Muscle Strength & Tone

Did you know that up to 40% of the weight you lose might actually come from muscle, not just fat? While many of us focus on the muscle loss that can occur on the body, our face can actually lose that same muscle mass, creating premature signs of aging. Muscle, in addition to fat, is an important support structure for the skin. The first line of defense? Healthy lifestyle changes like eating more lean protein and incorporating strength training into your routine. But if you’re experiencing weakened muscle function or want an extra boost, electromagnetic stimulation treatments can help restore lost muscle on both the face and body.

Dr. Mona’s Recommendations:

EmFace: Consider muscle stimulation for the face. EmFace uses HIFES (high-frequency electrical stimulation) technology paired with radiofrequency energy to tighten skin and noninvasively improve muscle tone on the forehead, eyes, cheek, and submentum to build back that lost support with no downtime.
EmSculpt Neo: While EmFace focuses on the face, EmSculpt Neo targets muscle on the body to build back lost muscle and burn fat on the abdomen, flanks, buttocks, thighs, biceps, triceps, and calves with no downtime.

Improving Skin Quality

Significant weight loss can change how your skin looks and feels. That’s because losing weight doesn’t just affect fat—it also impacts the essential building blocks that keep skin looking youthful, like elastin, collagen, and other key nutrients. You might notice your skin looking saggy, dull, or less firm than it used to. The good news is that there are plenty of options to visibly tighten, smooth, and enhance your skin’s appearance.

Dr. Mona’s Recommendations:

Skincare: Growth Factors and peptides (such as TNS Advanced+ Serum) help the skin “act young” again and slow down aging. Adding a retinoid, such as Retin-A (tretinoin), or a retinol for more sensitive skin, can improve cellular turnover and increase skin radiance. Consider skin care for the neck and body. Our favorites are SkinMedica’s Firm and Tone for the body and Neck Correct for the neck.
Tightening: Ultrasound and radiofrequency are great, no-downtime ways to tighten skin on and off the face. We love Sofwave ultrasound tightening, Thermage radiofrequency, and Radiofrequency microneedling.
Lasers and Lights: If you have some downtime, a laser can help improve overall skin quality and help address fine lines. We love Fraxel Dual, Halo, Erbium, and CO2 for skin resurfacing.

Tackling Stubborn Fat

You’ve done the hard work and lost the weight—but you might still notice stubborn pockets of fat that won’t budge, no matter what you do. Stubborn fat is that layer beneath your skin that’s resistant to diet and exercise. If you’re at or near your ideal weight but are still bothered by specific areas, noninvasive body contouring treatments could be the final touch you need.

Dr. Mona’s Recommendations:

Kybella: Deoxycholic acid, a substance produced by the gallbladder to break down fat, can be injected to target unwanted fullness under the chin or along the jowls. It can also be used in small pockets of stubborn fat on the body, such as bra fat.
CoolSculpting Elite: This treatment uses freezing technology, also known as cryolypolisis, to permanently destroy fat cells. CoolSculpting is a great option for targeting a focused area of stubborn fat, such as on the abdomen, thighs, bra fat, or arms.

Not sure what’s right for you? Book online or call 513.984.4800 to schedule a consultation at Mona Dermatology to discuss which products and treatments are right for you

IPL vs. BBL: Which is Right For Me?

IPL vs BBL: Which Light-Based Treatment Is Right for Your Skin?

If you’ve been exploring options for clearer, more even-toned skin, you’ve likely come across IPL and BBL. While these light-based treatments are often mentioned in the same breath, they’re not interchangeable, and understanding the difference can help you make the best choice for your skin concerns.

What Is IPL?

IPL, or Intense Pulse Light, uses broad-spectrum light energy to target common skin issues like sun damage, brown spots, redness, and uneven tone. It’s a versatile treatment that’s been around for years and has helped countless patients achieve more radiant skin.

IPL is particularly well-suited for patients dealing with mild to moderate discoloration who are looking for gradual improvement over time.

What Is BBL?

BBL, or BroadBand Light, takes light therapy to the next level. This advanced technology delivers energy more precisely and consistently than traditional IPL, allowing it to address more stubborn or deep-seated concerns.

BBL can effectively treat deeper sun damage, persistent redness, broken capillaries, and even improve overall skin texture and quality. Beyond correction, BBL is also recognized for its rejuvenating and anti-aging benefits by stimulating collagen production and supporting long-term skin health, making it a favorite among patients focused on prevention and maintenance. There is also a customization specifically to target acne. The BBL acne protocol can reduce acne-causing bacteria, calm inflammation, and improve overall skin clarity.

So Which Treatment Is Right for You?

Choosing between IPL and BBL really comes down to your specific skin goals and concerns.

IPL may be ideal if you:

Are new to laser or light-based treatments
Have mild sun spots or redness
Prefer subtle, progressive results
Are looking for ongoing maintenance treatments

BBL may be the better choice if you:

Have more significant sun damage or redness
Want faster, more noticeable results
Are focused on anti-aging and improving overall skin quality
Are committed to long-term corrective treatments

The Bottom Line

Both IPL and BBL are proven, effective treatments, there’s no one-size-fits-all answer. The right choice depends on your unique skin type, concerns, and aesthetic goals. That’s why a personalized consultation is so important. During your visit, we can assess your skin, discuss your expectations, and recommend the treatment that will deliver the best, safest results for you.

Microneedling vs Chemical Peels | As Seen in Women’s Health

Microneedling and chemical peels have become go-to treatments for patients seeking healthier, more radiant skin without the downtime of invasive procedures. Board-certified dermatologist Dr. Mona Foad explains that these treatments work by stimulating collagen production and encouraging skin cell renewal, helping improve texture, tone, and overall glow. Be sure to check out the full article in Women’s Health!

Why are treatments like microneedling and chemical peels so popular right now?

These treatments are popular because they deliver visible results with minimal downtime compared to more invasive procedures. Both microneedling and chemical peels improve skin texture, tone, and overall radiance by stimulating cell renewal and collagen production. Patients love that they can target multiple concerns such as fine lines, acne scars, pigmentation, and dullness in a natural way that helps the skin rejuvenate itself. In an age where people want healthy, glowing skin without drastic interventions, these treatments strike the perfect balance between effectiveness and recovery.

What is microneedling and how does it work? What are its main benefits?

Microneedling, also known as collagen induction therapy, uses fine sterile needles to create controlled micro-injuries in the skin. This process triggers the body’s natural healing response, which stimulates new collagen and elastin production. The result is smoother, firmer, and more youthful-looking skin. Microneedling can improve fine lines, acne scars, enlarged pores, and overall texture without significantly disrupting the surface of the skin. It is highly customizable and can be adjusted for different skin types and concerns, making it a versatile and effective treatment.

What is a chemical peel, and how does it work? What are its main benefits?

A chemical peel uses a carefully selected acid solution such as glycolic, lactic, salicylic or trichloroacetic acid to exfoliate the outer layers of the skin. The depth of the peel can vary from light to deep depending on the product used, the concentration and desired result. By removing dull or damaged skin cells, chemical peels reveal smoother, brighter, and more even-toned skin beneath. They can help fade sun damage, help acne and acne scarring, and help with unwanted superficial pigmentation while promoting healthy cell turnover. With consistent use, chemical peels can dramatically improve skin clarity and texture over time.

What are the similarities and differences between microneedling and chemical peels?

Both treatments rejuvenate the skin by encouraging new cell growth and collagen production. They target similar concerns such as fine lines, uneven tone, acne scars, and dullness. The main difference lies in their approach and how they work. Microneedling stimulates the skin from within by triggering a healing response, while chemical peels resurface the skin from the outside by removing the top layer of skin cells. Microneedling is often better for deeper textural issues, while chemical peels are ideal for surface brightness and tone. Chemical peels are better for treating brown spots and can be better at treating acne and superficial acne scarring, whereas microneedling would be better for slightly deeper scars and for overall skin rejuvenation and collagen stimulation.

What add-ons often accompany microneedling, and what benefits do these offer?

Microneedling can be enhanced with add-ons like platelet-rich plasma, exosome therapy, or targeted serums that contain growth factors or peptides. These add-ons take advantage of the microchannels created during treatment, allowing active ingredients to penetrate more deeply. Platelet-rich plasma uses the body’s own growth factors to accelerate healing and boost collagen, while exosomes and peptides can enhance cell repair and radiance. These combinations maximize results and often shorten recovery time, leaving the skin smoother and more luminous. But it is important to only add approved products and not just add anything. Certain products can cause irritation or can cause foreign body reactions under the skin.

What add-ons often accompany a chemical peel, and what benefits do these offer?

Popular add-ons for chemical peels include brightening boosters, hydrating serums, and soothing post-peel recovery masks. Some practitioners also incorporate LED light therapy to calm the skin and speed up healing. These additions help replenish moisture, reduce irritation, and enhance the peel’s brightening effects. They also make the overall experience more comfortable and help patients maintain hydration and glow as the skin renews.

Why does skin type and skin tone matter when deciding between a peel and microneedling?

Skin type and tone are key factors when deciding which treatment is most appropriate. For patients with sensitive or darker skin tones, deeper chemical peels can sometimes cause irritation or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.For darker skin types, consider a salicylic acid peel which may be safer than a glycolic or a TCA peels and always let patients know to avoid sun exposure and retinoid use before and right after a peel. In those cases, microneedling is often a safer choice because it does not rely on acids to achieve results. On the other hand, lighter skin types with sun damage or uneven tone may benefit more from a series of light chemical peels. The best treatment depends on the individual’s goals, skin history, and level of sensitivity.

Since both treatments increase collagen, how do they work, and how much growth can patients usually see?

Microneedling increases collagen by triggering the body’s natural wound-healing process. As the skin repairs itself, fibroblast activity increases, which leads to new collagen and elastin production. Chemical peels stimulate collagen by removing damaged surface layers and prompting the skin to regenerate. The amount of collagen production varies for each person, but studies suggest microneedling can increase collagen by up to several hundred percent over a series of treatments. Chemical peels typically provide gradual collagen stimulation that builds with consistent use. Both treatments strengthen and rejuvenate the skin over time, although microneedling will stimulate more collagen growth.

Is microneedling or a chemical peel better for skin cell renewal? Why?

Both treatments encourage cell turnover but in different ways. Chemical peels directly accelerate exfoliation by removing dead surface cells, leading to faster visible renewal. Microneedling works deeper within the skin, stimulating new cell growth over several weeks as collagen remodels. If the goal is instant brightness and smoother texture, a chemical peel provides quicker results. For more structural and long-term renewal, microneedling offers deeper benefits. Many patients use both treatments in rotation for comprehensive rejuvenation.

Is microneedling or a chemical peel better for improved texture and tone? Why?

Microneedling is excellent for improving texture because it remodels the skin from within, helping to smooth scarring, fine lines, and enlarged pores. Chemical peels are ideal for improving tone, texture, pore size, brightness, and pigmentation on the surface. The best treatment depends on whether the main concern is texture or discoloration. Combining both in a customized treatment plan often provides the most balanced results for smoother, more even skin.

How does the pain of a chemical peel compare to microneedling?

Both treatments are well tolerated, though they feel different. Microneedling typically causes a mild prickling or pressure sensation such as a strong cat’s tongue. A numbing cream is applied beforehand to minimize discomfort. Chemical peels may create a temporary tingling or stinging sensation as the acid interacts with the skin, but this usually subsides quickly. Most patients find both treatments comfortable and manageable, and any mild discomfort is short-lived compared to the long-term improvement in skin quality.

What is the downtime and recovery of microneedling vs. a chemical peel?

Recovery time depends on the intensity of the treatment. After microneedling, patients usually experience mild redness and sensitivity for one to two days, similar to a light sunburn, but can have a couple more days of redness if the depth of the microneedles is increased. Makeup can typically be applied after 48 hours. With a chemical peel, downtime varies more widely. A light peel may cause minor flaking for a few days, while a deeper peel can require about a week of recovery with visible peeling. Both treatments benefit from diligent sun protection and gentle skincare afterward to maintain results and support healing.

How are the results of both treatments maintained?

Results from both treatments last longer when paired with a consistent skincare routine and sun protection. Using daily SPF, antioxidants, and gentle exfoliating or collagen-boosting products helps extend results. Most patients start with a series of treatments and then move to maintenance sessions every few months. Hydration, a balanced diet, and regular skincare all play important roles in preserving the glow and firmness that follow either treatment.

How do you help patients decide if a peel or microneedling is right for them?

I start by assessing each patient’s skin type, main concerns, and comfort level with downtime. For patients looking to refine brightness, tone, and superficial pigmentation, a chemical peel is often the best choice. For those focused on texture, acne scars, or fine lines, microneedling tends to deliver better results. Many patients benefit from a combination of both, used at different times for complementary effects. The right choice always depends on the individual’s goals, skin condition, and how their skin responds over time.