Dandruff is common and often caused by a combination of factors like scalp yeast overgrowth, oil imbalance, and dry skin. Using the right ingredients and consistent care can help control flaking, itching, and irritation. If you struggle with this, discover some shampoos to add into your routine recommended by Dr. Alexandra Bowles, featured in HuffPost’s article.

What are some of the main causes of dandruff?

Dandruff is incredibly common, and it often stems from a combination of factors rather than one single cause. One of the biggest contributors is an overgrowth of Malassezia, a yeast that naturally lives on the scalp but can become irritating when it multiplies. This irritation leads to flaking, itching, and inflammation. Dry skin, especially in colder months, can also make dandruff worse, as can excess oil production, which creates an environment where yeast thrives. Some hair products may trigger sensitivity or buildup, leading to even more irritation. Stress and changes in hormones can also play a role, which is why dandruff can flare during busy or stressful periods. Overall, dandruff is rarely about “poor hygiene.” It’s usually about how your scalp responds to oils, yeast, and environmental factors.

Are there key ingredients that people should look for when trying to treat their dandruff?

Several ingredients do a wonderful job at calming dandruff and restoring balance to the scalp. Pyrithione zinc and selenium sulfide help reduce scalp yeast, which is often the root cause of flaking and itching. Ketoconazole is another powerful antifungal option, especially for more stubborn cases. If inflammation is a big issue, salicylic acid can gently exfoliate flakes while helping other active ingredients penetrate better. And for people with sensitive skin, formulas containing tea tree oil can offer natural antimicrobial and soothing benefits. The key is choosing a shampoo that directly addresses your type of dandruff and using it consistently to keep symptoms under control.

What are some shampoos you recommend to help control symptoms?

Nizoral A-D (1% ketoconazole): This is one of my top recommendations for more persistent dandruff because ketoconazole is a strong antifungal ingredient that helps control yeast on the scalp. You have to let it sit on the scalp for it to work!

Head & Shoulders Clinical Strength: A great option for moderate to severe flaking, and it also helps calm itching and redness while restoring moisture balance.

Neutrogena T/Sal: Perfect for people with thicker scale or buildup because the salicylic acid breaks up flakes without being too harsh.

Selsun Blue: Another reliable choice that reduces inflammation and helps regulate oil production, which is especially helpful for oily or irritated scalps.

What daily habits and tips can help effectively manage dandruff and support overall scalp health?

Consistency is key when treating dandruff. Most people see the best results when they use their medicated shampoo several times a week and allow it to sit on the scalp for five minutes before rinsing. Avoiding heavy styling products can also help, since buildup can worsen flaking and irritation. If your scalp feels dry, pairing your dandruff shampoo with a gentle, hydrating conditioner on the ends of your hair, not the scalp, can keep hair soft without disrupting treatment. Managing stress, getting adequate sleep, and maintaining a healthy diet can also support overall scalp health. And if your flaking doesn’t improve after a few weeks, or if you notice redness, pain, or hair shedding, it’s a good idea to see a dermatologist to rule out another condition. My biggest message is that dandruff is very treatable. You just need the right approach and a little patience.

How can you hydrate your scalp?

A dry scalp is often a sign that your skin barrier needs a little extra support. Luckily, there are several simple steps that can make a big difference. I usually recommend starting with a gentle, hydrating shampoo. Look for one with calming ingredients like aloe, glycerin, or oat extract to help soothe irritation while moisturizing the scalp. Avoid washing with hot water, as it can strip your scalp of its natural oils. Instead, opt for lukewarm water to cleanse effectively without over-drying.

Scalp exfoliation is another great step. Massaging with your fingertips or using a soft brush once or twice a week can help remove dead skin so hydrating treatments can absorb more deeply. I also love scalp masks or serums with nourishing oils like jojoba or squalane. They provide targeted moisture right where it’s needed most. And don’t forget internal hydration: drinking plenty of water and eating water-rich foods like cucumbers and watermelon can also help support scalp health from the inside out.

How do you get rid of dry scalp?

Getting rid of a dry scalp begins with taking a closer look at your hair care routine. I always tell my patients to pay attention to how their scalp feels between washes. If you’re washing too often or not often enough, it can throw off the scalp’s natural balance. Using a hydrating scalp treatment a few times a week can make a big difference, especially when it includes ingredients like hyaluronic acid for moisture and niacinamide to help restore a healthy skin barrier. Be sure to choose shampoos that are sulfate-free and gentle, so they cleanse without stripping the scalp of its natural oils. And while hot showers may feel comforting, washing with lukewarm water helps prevent further dryness or irritation.

It’s also important to consider your environment and overall wellness, such as protecting your scalp from cold, dry air with a breathable hat and supporting hydration from within by drinking plenty of water and incorporating skin-friendly nutrients like omega-3s and vitamins A, B, and C into your diet.

Does conditioner moisturize your scalp?

Conditioner is primarily designed to hydrate and soften the hair shaft, not the scalp itself. That said, some conditioners with nourishing ingredients like glycerin, panthenol, or aloe can provide light moisture to the scalp. However, it’s important to choose formulas that are non-comedogenic and free of heavy silicones or fragrances, especially if you’re prone to scalp buildup or sensitivity. I usually recommend focusing conditioner on the mid-lengths and ends of the hair. If the scalp is feeling particularly dry, a light, scalp-safe conditioner can offer temporary relief. Just be sure to rinse thoroughly and follow with a targeted scalp treatment if deeper hydration is needed.

How do dermatologists moisturize their scalps?

As dermatologists, we look for evidence-based solutions that address both the cause and the symptoms of dryness. Depending on what’s going on, we may recommend treatments like medicated shampoos, topical corticosteroids, or hydrating serums. This may depend on whether it’s seasonal dryness, eczema, or product-related irritation. For more routine dryness, I often suggest lightweight scalp oils or leave-in treatments that restore moisture without clogging follicles. We also focus on preserving the scalp’s barrier by avoiding harsh products and encouraging regular, gentle exfoliation. Every scalp is different, so our approach is always tailored to the patient’s specific needs and skin type.

How can you moisturize the scalp naturally?

There are several gentle, natural ways to support scalp moisture that I often recommend to patients who prefer a more holistic approach. Natural oils, such as jojoba, coconut, or argan, can be massaged into the scalp to help lock in hydration. Just make sure to patch-test first and wash thoroughly to avoid buildup. Aloe vera is another great option, especially for soothing dry, irritated areas. Staying well-hydrated and eating a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, and vitamins A and E can also support scalp health from the inside out. And don’t forget: consistency is key. Natural remedies work best when used regularly and paired with a gentle, non-stripping haircare routine.

What causes a dry or irritated scalp?

A dry or irritated scalp can come from a number of different sources, and often, it’s a mix of factors working together. Things like over-washing, product buildup, or using shampoos that are too harsh can strip away the scalp’s natural oils and throw off its balance. Cold weather, indoor heating, or excessive sun exposure can also cause moisture loss from the scalp, leaving it dry and uncomfortable. I also remind my patients that hydration and nutrition play a role. When your body’s dehydrated or missing key nutrients, your scalp can be one of the first places it shows. Some people are simply more prone to dryness due to genetic factors or underlying conditions such as eczema or psoriasis. If the dryness persists or becomes uncomfortable, it’s a good idea to see a board-certified dermatologist who can help pinpoint the cause and guide you toward the right treatment.

Does hair texture and type impact scalp dryness?

Yes, your hair texture and type can absolutely influence how dry your scalp feels. For example, curly and coily hair types tend to be drier overall because natural oils from the scalp have a harder time traveling down the hair shaft. People with finer or straighter hair may notice dryness more quickly if they’re over-washing or using products that strip the scalp. I always remind patients that their hair and scalp require a routine tailored to their unique biology. There’s no one-size-fits-all approach. Paying attention to how your scalp feels between washes is a helpful first step.

Do certain products impact scalp dryness?

Yes, and sometimes it’s the products we use every day that quietly contribute to scalp issues. Harsh shampoos with sulfates, heavy dry shampoos, or alcohol-based styling products can strip the scalp of its natural oils, leading to dryness and irritation. Even using the wrong shampoo for your hair type can throw off your scalp’s balance. I encourage patients to read labels and look for words like “hydrating,” “soothing,” or “moisture-replenishing.” A gentle, balanced product can make a big difference in how your scalp feels.

What products do you recommend for helping with hydration? 

There are several products I often recommend for hydrating the scalp. Look for serums or treatments that contain ingredients like hyaluronic acid, aloe vera, or niacinamide. These support both moisture and a healthy scalp barrier. Brands like Nécessaire ($45), Philip Kingsley Density Preserving Serum ($67), and Living Proof Dry Scalp Treatment ($38) all offer well-formulated scalp treatments that are gentle yet effective. If you’re experiencing ongoing dryness, a scalp-specific mask like Yobee Restorative Scalp Mask ($42) or SheaMoisture Pre-Wash Masque ($10), used once a week, can also help rebalance things. And as always, choosing a moisturizing shampoo without sulfates is a great foundation for healthy scalp care.

While braids can be a great protective styling option, it’s important to understand how they can impact the health of your hair and scalp. Learn how to take extra precautions to avoid any damage to your scalp or hair with Dr. Alexandra Bowles in Byrdie’s article.

Watch out for flaking or itching:

While some mild flaking can be expected, persistent itching or visible flakes under your braids might be a sign of scalp irritation or even contact dermatitis. If you notice these signs, don’t ignore them. I recommend using a gentle, alcohol-free shampoo or even a medicated shampoo in a diluted form to spot-treat the area. Listening to your scalp early on helps prevent things from progressing into full-blown inflammation or infection. Speak to your dermatologist to see if this is the right treatment for you!

Don’t skip nighttime scalp protection:

We often focus on protecting the braids themselves at night, but your scalp needs love, too. Cotton pillowcases can pull moisture from your scalp and even cause friction that irritates already-stressed areas. I suggest wearing a silk or satin scarf or bonnet and, if possible, using a silk pillowcase for extra protection. If your scalp feels dry before bed, a quick mist of a lightweight, hydrating scalp tonic can work wonders overnight.

Be gentle during takedown:

How you remove your braids matters just as much as how you install them. Too many people rush the takedown process, which can lead to unnecessary breakage and even scalp irritation. I always advise patients to detangle gently as they go, using a detangling spray or conditioner to soften buildup, and never force out a tangle. Taking your time during removal gives your hair and scalp a much-needed reset and prevents long-term damage.

Keep an eye on the nape of your neck:

The nape area is often overlooked, but it’s actually one of the most sensitive spots on your scalp. Braids that are too heavy or too tight in this area can lead to breakage. Over time, this could even result in small bald patches. If you’re getting longer braids or twists, I recommend asking your stylist to use less tension. Especially on the nape, make sure to avoid loading with extra weight. Protecting this zone can make a big difference in the overall health of your hair.

Give your scalp a break:

Wearing tight braids or other hairstyles that are tightly pulled back for long periods of time can actually damage the hair follicles and lead to a condition known as traction alopecia. I counsel patients to try to stick to loose braid styles or at least taking a break in-between braid hairstyles to give your scalp time to recover. If you notice your hairline thinning or receding, this could be from the braids pulling on scalp and can cause permanent hair loss.

Even after waxing, do you struggle with pesky ingrown hairs? Dr. Alexandra Bowles shares tips on how to prevent them in a recent Byrdie article.

Avoid hot showers for 24 hours after waxing:

Heat can dilate your pores and disrupt the skin’s barrier, making it easier for bacteria to enter and increasing the risk of irritation or ingrown hairs. I usually recommend sticking to lukewarm water and avoiding saunas, steam rooms, or intense workouts for at least a day. Keeping the area cool and calm really supports proper healing and helps reduce the chance of bumps or redness.

Be mindful of your hormonal cycle:

Hormonal shifts can influence how your skin responds to waxing. I’ve seen that clients who wax around their period often experience more sensitivity, inflammation, and even a higher chance of ingrown hairs. If you can, try to schedule appointments during the middle of your cycle when hormones are more balanced. It usually makes for a smoother and more comfortable experience.

Apply a cold compress right after waxing:

A cold compress can be a simple but effective way to soothe the skin, reduce inflammation, and gently shrink pores to help prevent ingrown hairs. I like to use a clean cloth with ice wrapped inside or a cold gel pack and apply it in short intervals. It really helps calm any stinging or redness right after waxing and supports a faster recovery.

Add Niacinamide to your post-wax routine:

Niacinamide, or vitamin B3, is one of my go-to ingredients for calming and strengthening the skin. It regulates oil, minimizes redness, and keeps pores clear. I often recommend lightweight formulas like The Ordinary’s Niacinamide 10% + Zinc 1% or CeraVe PM Facial Moisturizing Lotion. Both are great for sensitive skin and help the area recover without clogging pores or causing irritation.